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Chapter 14: Economic Transformations

Commerce In People: The Atlantic Slave Trade The Atlantic slave trade impacted the early modern era so greatly that its commercial ties contributed to a global next of exchange. The Atlantic slave trade is the most recent owning and exchange of human beings that existed on a large scale. Between 1500 and 1866, “this trade in human beings took an estimated 12.5 million people from African societies, shipped them across the Atlantic in the infamous Middle Passage, and deposited some 10.7 million of them in the Americas, where they lived out their often-brief lives as slave” (Strayer, 620). The slave trade added African descent into the European and Native American mix of the Americas. Slavery came in many forms, because before the 1500, the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean basins were where most of the Old World slave trade occurred. This means that the slavery practices that grew in the Americas varied greatly from the Old World practices. The first way was the huge size of...
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Chapter 23 Capitalism and Culture Since 1945

Globalization, to most people, is referring to the acceleration in international economic transactions that occurred in the second half of the twentieth century. After World War II, the conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944 created a set of agreements and institutions that laid the foundations for postwar globalization. Technology contributed to the acceleration as well. In the 1970s this type of economic globalization was known as neoliberalism. Following the contractions of the 1930s a "reglobalization" occurred; money as well as goods increased global mobility in three ways. The fist was foreign direct investments. The second was short-term movement of capital. The third forms of money movement involved the personal funds of individuals. Central to this was the global businesses known as transnational corporations (TNCs), which produced goods or delivered services simultaneously in many countries. There were also new patterns of human migration that occurred ...
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Chapter 21: Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict 1917-Present

Communism arose from the the political and philosophical roots of the nineteenth century socialist movement. It was inspired by the teachings of Karl Marx. The Marxist theory referred to communism as the "final stage of historical development when social equality and collective living would be most fully developed, largely without private property" (Strayer 930). By the 1970s about 1/3 of the world's population lived in communist societies. The two biggest being Russia (the world's largest country in size) and China (the world's largest population). Also under communist rule was Mongolia, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Latin America, and Afghanistan. However, communist movements took place all over the world, especially in Greece, Italy, France, and sometimes in the United States (this lead to political repression known as McCarthyism). Also many African states were Marxist for some time. All these different expressions of communism were linked by a common ideolo...
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